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NEW QUESTION # 55
As a wireless network consultant you have been called in to troubleshoot a high-priority issue for one of your customers. The customer's office is based on two floors within a multi-tenant office block. On one of these floors (floor 5) users cannot connect to the wireless network. During their own testing the customer has discovered that users can connect on floor 6 but not when they move to the floor 5. This issue is affecting all users on floor 5 and having a negative effect on productivity.
To troubleshoot this issue, you perform both Spectrum and Protocol Analysis. The Spectrum Analysis shows the presence of Bluetooth signals which you have identified as coming from wireless mice. In the protocol analyzer you see the top frame on the network is Deauthentication frames. On closer investigation you see that the Deauthentication frames' source addresses match the BSSIDs of your customers APs and the destination address is FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF.
What do you conclude from this troubleshooting exercise?

• A. The customer should replace all their Bluetooth wireless mice as they are stopping the users on floor 5 from connecting to the wireless network
• B. The CCI from the APs on the floor 4 is the problem and you need to ask the tenant below to turn down their APs Tx power
• C. The users on floor 5 are being subjected to a denial of service attack, as this is happening across the entire floor it is likely to be a misconfigured WIPS solution belonging to the tenants on the floor below
• D. The customers APs are misbehaving and a technical support case should be open with the vendor

Answer: C

Explanation:
The users on floor 5 are being subjected to a denial of service attack, as this is happening across the entire floor it is likely to be a misconfigured WIPS solution belonging to the tenants on the floor below. This is because the Deauthentication frames have a source address that matches the BSSIDs of the customer's APs and a destination address that is a broadcast address (FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF). This indicates that someone is sending spoofed Deauthentication frames to all STAs associated with the customer's APs, causing them to disconnect from the wireless network. This is a common type of DoS attack on wireless networks, and it could be caused by a rogue device or a WIPS solution that is configured to protect the wireless network of another tenant on the floor below12. References: CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 13: Troubleshooting Common Wi-Fi Issues, page 4961; CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 14: Troubleshooting Tools, page 5272.

NEW QUESTION # 56
You have installed a new 802.1 lac WLAN configured with 80 MHz channels. Users in one area are complaining about poor performance. This area is currently served by a single AP. You take a spectrum analysis capture in the poor performing area. While examining the waterfall plot you notice the airtime utilization is higher on the first 20 MHz of the 80 MHz channel when compared to the rest of the channel.
What do you conclude?

• A. The first 20 MHz is the AP's primary channel and higher airtime utilization on the primary channel is normal when an AP is configured for 80 MHz operation
• B. RRM is enabled and has dynamically picked a 20 MHz channel
• C. Non-Wi-Fi interference is preventing the APs 80 MHz operation
• D. The AP is misconfigured and needs to be reconfigured to 80 MHz operation

Answer: C

Explanation:
The most likely cause of higher airtime utilization on the first 20 MHz of the 80 MHz channel is non-Wi-Fi interference. Non-Wi-Fi interference can prevent an AP from using its full channel width, as it will degrade the signal quality and increase the noise floor on some parts of the channel. This will force the AP to fall back to a narrower channel width, such as 20 MHz or 40 MHz, to maintain communication with its clients. The waterfall plot can help identify non-Wi-Fi interference by showing spikes or bursts of RF energy on specific frequencies or sub-channels. The other options are not correct, as they do not explain why only the first 20 MHz of the channel has higher airtime utilization. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide], Chapter 3: Spectrum Analysis, page 74-75

NEW QUESTION # 57
You want to simplify viewing frames of a particular type in Wireshark.
What is used to specify frames for colorization?

• A. Filters are used to define the frames that should be colorized
• B. A scripting language is available to modify the code before recompilation
• C. Custom code must be written and the binaries recompiled
• D. Automated protocol analysis is used and no additional options may be specified

Answer: A

Explanation:
Protocol analyzers also support highlighting or colorization and filtering. The highlighting feature allows you to define colors for packets or frames matching particular criteria. It allows those frames to stand out as you browse through the captured frames

NEW QUESTION # 58
During a VHT Transmit Beamforming sounding exchange, the beamformee transmits a Compressed Beamforming frame to the beamformer. What is communicated within this Compressed Beamforming frame?

• A. Steering Matrix
• B. Beamforming Matrix
• C. Beamformee Matrix
• D. Feedback Matrix

Answer: D

Explanation:
The beamformee transmits a Feedback Matrix within the Compressed Beamforming frame to the beamformer.
The Feedback Matrix contains information about the channel state between the beamformee and each spatial stream of the beamformer. This information is used by the beamformer to adjust its transmit weights and optimize its signal for the beamformee34. References: CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 11: 802.11n/ac/ax PHYsical Layer Frame Exchanges, page 4033; CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 11: 802.11n/ac/ax PHYsical Layer Frame Exchanges, page 4064.

NEW QUESTION # 59
Given: The Frame Check Sequence (FCS) is a 32 CRC used for error detection.
The CRC is calculated over what?

• A. PHY Header, MAC Header and Frame Body
• B. Frame Body only
• C. Mac Header and Frame Body only
• D. PHY Header and Mac Header only

Answer: C

Explanation:
The CRC is calculated over the MAC Header and Frame Body only. The CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) is a 32-bit value that is used for error detection in wireless transmissions. The CRC is calculated over the MAC Header and Frame Body of a PSDU, which are the parts of the data unit that contain information such as source and destination addresses, frame type, frame control, sequence number, payload, etc. The CRC is appended to the end of the PSDU as a FCS (Frame Check Sequence) field. The CRC is not calculated over the PHY Header or PHY Preamble, which are parts of the PPDU that contain information such as modulation, coding, data rate, etc. The PHY Header and PHY Preamble are added or removed by the PHY layer during the conversion between PSDU and PPDU. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-
405], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 97-98

NEW QUESTION # 60
When evaluating modulation and coding schemes, you must determine the best coding rate available. In
802.11 MCS tables, what is the best coding rate from the perspective of highest data rates?

• A. 2/3
• B. 5/6
• C. 3/4
• D. 1/2

Answer: B

NEW QUESTION # 61
Why would a STA that supports 802.11k Radio Measurement send a Neighbor Request to an AP?

• A. To request a list of neighboring APs which the STA can use as roaming candidates
• B. To request a list of neighboring STAs which enables the STA to better pick the right protection mechanisms
• C. To inform the current AP about the STA's intent to roam to a neighboring AP, ensuring a seamless handover
• D. To learn about neighboring interference sources and tune its RF radio accordingly

Answer: A

Explanation:
A STA that supports 802.11k Radio Measurement would send a Neighbor Request to an AP to request a list of neighboring APs which the STA can use as roaming candidates. A Neighbor Request is an Action frame that contains a subelement specifying the type of information that the STA wants to receive from the AP. A Neighbor Report is an Action frame that contains a subelement with a list of neighboring APs that match the criteria specified in the Neighbor Request. The Neighbor Report provides information such as BSSID, channel, operating class, and PHY type of each neighboring AP. This information helps the STA to perform intelligent roaming decisions based on signal quality, load, and compatibility . References: CWAP-
405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 12: 802.11k/v/r/u/w/ai Amendments, page 434; CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 12: 802.11k/v/r/u/w/ai Amendments, page 435.

NEW QUESTION # 62
You work as an SE for a value-added reseller. A client has an existing deployment of 802.11n Aps and wants to upgrade several BSSs to 802.11ac.
What hardware feature of some enterprise Aps may allow for this without a forklift upgrade?

• A. Simply check the Enable 802.11ac checkbox in the web-based configuration interface
• B. Converting the 802.11n radio to an 802.11ac radio through software
• C. Replace the antennas with 802.11ac antennas
• D. Adding an 802.11ac module to the existing APs

Answer: A

NEW QUESTION # 63
Which piece of information is not transmitted in an HT PPDU header?

• A. Channel number
• B. Number of Spatial Streams
• C. PPDU length
• D. MCS index

Answer: A

Explanation:
The channel number is not transmitted in an HT PPDU header. An HT PPDU header is a part of the PPDU that contains information such as modulation, coding, data rate, and number of spatial streams for an 802.11n transmission. The channel number is not included in the HT PPDU header, as it is determined by the frequency band and channel width that are used by the transmitter and receiver. The channel number can be inferred from the frequency band and channel width, which are indicated by bits in different fields of the HT PPDU header, such as HT-SIG and HT-LTF. The other options are not correct, as they are transmitted in an HT PPDU header. The number of spatial streams, PPDU length, and MCS index are indicated by bits in the HT-SIG field of the HT PPDU header. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-
405], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 108-109

NEW QUESTION # 64
You view a protocol analyzer capture decode with the following protocol frames listed in the following order (excluding the ACK frames): 1) 802.11 Probe Request and 802.11 Probe Response 2) 802.11 Auth and another 802.11 Auth 2) 802.11 Assoc Req and 802.11 Assoc Rsp 4) EAPOL-Start 5) EAP Request and EAP Response 6) EAP Request and EAP Response 7) EAP Request and EAP Response 8) EAP Request and EAP Response 9) EAP Request and EAP Response 10) EAP Success 19) EAPOL-Key (4 frames in a row) What are you seeing in the capture file?

• A. WPA2-Personal authentication
• B. 802.1X with Dynamic WEP
• C. Wi-Fi Protected Setup with PIN
• D. WPA2-Enterprise authentication

Answer: D

NEW QUESTION # 65
Which one of the following is not an 802.11 Management frame?

• A. Beacon
• B. Action
• C. Authentication
• D. PS-Poll

Answer: D

Explanation:
A PS-Poll (Power Save Poll) frame is not an 802.11 management frame. A PS-Poll frame is a type of control frame that is used by a STA in power save mode to request data frames from an AP. A STA in power save mode can conserve battery power by periodically sleeping and waking up. When a STA sleeps, it cannot receive any data frames from the AP, so it informs the AP of its power save status by setting a bit in its MAC header. The AP then buffers any data frames destined for the sleeping STA until it wakes up. When a STA wakes up, it sends a PS-Poll frame to the AP, indicating its association ID and requesting any buffered data frames. The AP then responds with one or more data frames, followed by an ACK or BA frame from the STA. The other options are not correct, as they are types of 802.11 management frames. An Action frame is used to perform various management actions, such as spectrum management, QoS management, radio measurement, etc. A Beacon frame is used to advertise the presence and capabilities of an AP or BSS. An Authentication frame is used to establish or terminate an authentication relationship between a STA and an AP. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 6: 802.11 Frame Exchanges, page 169-170

NEW QUESTION # 66
In which element of a Beacon frame would you look to identity the current HT protection mode in which an AP is operating?

• A. ERP Information Element
• B. HT Operations Element
• C. HT Protection Element
• D. HT Capabilities Element

Answer: B

Explanation:
The HT protection mode in which an AP is operating can be identified by looking at the HT Operations element in a Beacon frame. The HT Operations element is a part of the Beacon frame that contains information about the High Throughput (HT) capabilities and operation of an 802.11n BSS. The HT Operations element has a field called HT Protection, which indicates how the BSS protects its HT transmissions from interference or collisions with non-HT devices or BSSs. The HT Protection field can have four values: No Protection, Nonmember Protection, 20 MHz Protection, or Non-HT Mixed Mode. The other options are not correct, as they do not contain information about the HT protection mode. The HT Protection element does not exist, the ERP Information element is used for Extended Rate PHY (ERP) protection mode for 802.11g devices, and the HT Capabilities element is used for indicating the supported HT features of an individual device. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 125-126

NEW QUESTION # 67
When performing protocol analysis, you capture an 802.1 lac data frame on channel 52, transmitted at MCS 8.
At what data rate was the PHY Preamble transmitted?

• A. 54 Mbps
• B. 78 Mbps
• C. 6 Mbps
• D. 86.7 Mbps

Answer: C

Explanation:
The data rate at which the PHY preamble was transmitted is 6 Mbps. The PHY preamble is a part of the PPDU that is transmitted before the PHY header and the PSDU. The PHY preamble consists of a series of training fields that help the receiver to detect and synchronize with the signal. The PHY preamble is always transmitted at a fixed data rate that depends on the type of PPDU (e.g., OFDM, HT, VHT, HE). For an 802.1 lac data frame on channel 52, which uses VHT PPDUs, the data rate for the PHY preamble is 6 Mbps. This data rate does not depend on MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme), which only affects the data rate for the PSDU. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 99-100

NEW QUESTION # 68
You have been asked to recommend a protocol analysis solution that uses open source software and works with the Linux platform. It must provide decoding of 802.11ac frames and minimal support for reporting and statistics.
What solution would you recommend?

• A. CommView for Wi-Fi
• B. Wi-Fi Analyzer Pro
• C. OmniPeek
• D. Wireshark

Answer: D

NEW QUESTION # 69
You have captured 802.11 traffic using an adapter that includes the radio tap header. You see several frames often called announcement frames in the capture.
What best describes these types of frames?

• A. They only include beacon and probe request frames
• B. They are used to allow a STA to awake from sleep and for no other reason
• C. They are meant to provide information to the network that may result in state changes, but they are not open for rejection
• D. They only include beacon and probe response frames

Answer: D

NEW QUESTION # 70
Which one of the these is the most important in the WLAN troubleshooting methodology among those listed?

• A. Talk to the end users about their experiences
• B. Obtain detailed -knowledge of the wireless vendors debug and logging options
• C. Observe the problem
• D. Interview the network manager about the issues being experienced

Answer: C

Explanation:
Observing the problem is the most important step in the WLAN troubleshooting methodology among those listed. This step involves capturing and analyzing the relevant data from the wireless network, such as packets, frames, spectrum, and performance metrics. Observing the problem helps to verify the existence and scope of the issue, identify the root cause and possible solutions, and validate the results of any actions taken. The other steps are also important, but they are not as critical as observing the problem12 References:
* CWAP-405Study Guide, Chapter 1: Troubleshooting Methodology, page 15
* CWAP-405Objectives, Section 1.2: Observe the problem

NEW QUESTION # 71
You are analyzing a packet decode of a Probe Request and notice the SSID element has a length of zero.
What do you conclude about the transmitting STA?

• A. The STA is operating in Ad-Hoc mode
• B. The WLAN adaptor is configured in promiscuous mode
• C. The STA's WLAN adaptor is disabled
• D. The STA is discovering a list of available BSSs

Answer: D

Explanation:
The STA is discovering a list of available BSSs by sending a Probe Request with an empty SSID element.
This is also known as a broadcast Probe Request, as it does not specify any particular SSID to probe for. Any AP that receives this Probe Request will respond with a Probe Response containing its own SSID and other information about its BSS. This way, the STA can learn about all the BSSs in its vicinity and choose which one to associate with . References: CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 191; CWAP-405Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 193.

NEW QUESTION # 72
You are troubleshooting problems with DHCP in relation to lightweight APs. They vendor class identifier (VCI) is not specified in the DHCP server. When you contact vendor support, they inform you that it is not necessary.
When is this information true?

• A. When only one client option 60 value is required
• B. When only one client option 43 value is required
• C. When the DHCP server is directly connected to the subnet
• D. When only one AP exists on the subnet

Answer: B

Explanation:
The DHCP server should be configured to provide the IP address information to the APs, but it may also be required to pass information for option 43. Option 43 is a vendor information option and can be used for any vendor purpose. The vendor class identifier (VCI) (for example, "Cisco AP c3600") is used with option 60 to determine the appropriate information to return with option 43.

NEW QUESTION # 73
You are concerned with management overhead in your WLAN. When evaluating the network, you note that each dual-band AP provides for 4 SSIDs in each band with three secure SSIDs and one Open System SSID.
The network runs only 802.11ac APs and uses 20 MHz channels in 2.4 GHz and 400 MHz channels in 5 GHz.
What can you do to reduce the impact of beacon frames on CCI and channel utilization?

• A. Increase the beacon interval
• B. Use the same security across all SSIDs
• C. Use only 40 MHz channels
• D. Disable SSID broadcasting

Answer: D

NEW QUESTION # 74
The PHY layer provides framing by adding a header to create what type of data unit?

• A. PSDU
• B. PPDU
• C. MPDU
• D. MSDU

Answer: B

Explanation:
The PHY layer provides framing by adding a header to create a PPDU. A PPDU (PHY Protocol Data Unit) is the data unit that is transmitted or received over the wireless medium by the PHY layer. A PPDU consists of a PSDU (PHY Service Data Unit) and a PHY header, which contains information such as modulation, coding, and data rate. The PHY layer adds the PHY header to the PSDU to create a PPDU for transmission, or removes the PHY header from the PPDU to extract the PSDU for reception. The other options are not correct, as they are not created by adding a header at the PHY layer. An MPDU (MAC Protocol Data Unit) is created by adding a MAC header and FCS to an MSDU (MAC Service Data Unit) at the MAC layer. An MSDU is the data unit that is passed from the LLC sublayer to the MAC sublayer or vice versa. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-405], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 97-98

NEW QUESTION # 75
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